State-variable Interpolation

State-variable interpolation is an alternative way of computing the ionic current in tissue simulations, which can improve accuracy, in particular in the conduction velocity, without too great a loss in efficiency.

What is State Variable Interpolation (SVI)?#

In solving the monodomain/bidomain equations using the finite element method, the ionic current needs to be evaluated in the interior of the elements ¹ (onto the quadrature points). Since we store the cell models at the nodes, we only know the ionic current at the nodes. The obvious approach for computing the current in the interior of the elements: compute the current at the nodes using the cell models, and interpolate into the interior. This is the default behaviour in Chaste, and referred to as ionic current interpolation (ICI).

An alternative approach is to interpolate all the state variables from the cell models ODEs at the nodes, into the interior of the elements. We refer to this as state-variable interpolation (SVI). This has been shown to have a surprisingly large effect, especially on conduction velocity, and even on meshes that are considered high-resolution (100 micrometre spatial resolution) - see below for a discussion.

How do I use it?#

Cardiac executable#

In the <Numerical> part of the XML input file, add

<UseStateVariableInterpolation>yes</UseStateVariableInterpolation>

after the mesh partitioning block. For example:

<Numerical>
   ...

   <!-- How to partition the mesh when running in parallel -->
   <MeshPartitioning>metis</MeshPartitioning>

   <!-- How to integrate the ionic current term (defaults to no) -->
   <UseStateVariableInterpolation>yes</UseStateVariableInterpolation>

   ...
</Numerical>

Source code#

Simply call

HeartConfig::Instance()->SetUseStateVariableInterpolation();

How does SVI affect computation time, and how is it implemented?#

Implementing SVI naively would massively increase computation time (even more than might originally be expected). Instead, it has been implemented in Chaste in an efficient manner where SVI is only used on elements around the wavefront. This slows down computation (in a cell model and problem dependent manner), but not massively.

For further details on the method, see [1]. The form of SVI implemented in Chaste is what is referred to as the hybrid method in this paper ².

When should it be used?#

The paper [1] describes in detail the effect of SVI over ICI. In brief

• ICI erroneously decreases conduction velocity on coarse meshes (~500 micrometres), and can massively decrease CV in the cross-fibre direction
• ICI erroneously increases conduction velocity in the fibre direction on mediumly fine meshes (~100 micrometres)
• ICI and SVI give the same results on very fine meshes

We recommend using SVI if refining the mesh would be too costly and either (i) good CV accuracy is required in the fibre direction (ii) decent cross-fibre CV accuracy is required in anisotropic simulations.

A recent survey of several cardiac electrophysiology solvers [2] used conduction velocity as a metric for comparison. It should be noted that Chaste used SVI for the results in this paper. (Without SVI switched on, the Chaste results would have been similar to the Sundnes et al results in this paper).

One complication that should be noted: the SVI results are closer to the true finite element solution, which, if the mesh is too coarse, may be oscillatory around the upstroke. ICI numerically smooths out these oscillations (effectively two sources of error cancelling out to make the result ’look’ more accurate). So switching on SVI may lead to the action potential looking less accurate, and may in fact lead to the simulation failing if these oscillations are too large.

References#

[1] P. Pathmanathan, G. Mirams, J. Southern, J. Whiteley, “The significant effect of the choice of ionic current integration method in cardiac electro-physiological simulations”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering, 27(11), 1751-1770 (2011) link

[2] S. Niederer et al. “Verification of cardiac tissue electrophysiology simulators using an N-version benchmark”, Royal Society Philosophical Transactions A, 369(1954) 4331-4351 (2011) link.

Footnotes#