DistributedTetrahedralMesh.cpp

/*

Copyright (C) University of Oxford, 2005-2011

University of Oxford means the Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the
University of Oxford, having an administrative office at Wellington
Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.

This file is part of Chaste.

Chaste is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
by the Free Software Foundation, either version 2.1 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.

Chaste is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
License for more details. The offer of Chaste under the terms of the
License is subject to the License being interpreted in accordance with
English Law and subject to any action against the University of Oxford
being under the jurisdiction of the English Courts.

You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
along with Chaste. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

*/

#include "DistributedTetrahedralMesh.hpp"

#include <cassert>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>

#include "Exception.hpp"
#include "Element.hpp"
#include "BoundaryElement.hpp"

#include "PetscTools.hpp"
#include "DistributedVectorFactory.hpp"
#include "OutputFileHandler.hpp"

#include "RandomNumberGenerator.hpp"

#include "Timer.hpp"

#include "petscao.h"

#include "Warnings.hpp"

//   IMPLEMENTATION

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::DistributedTetrahedralMesh(DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::type partitioningMethod)
    :
      mTotalNumElements(0u),
      mTotalNumBoundaryElements(0u),
      mTotalNumNodes(0u),
      mMetisPartitioning(partitioningMethod)
{
    if (ELEMENT_DIM == 1)
    {
        //No METIS partition is possible - revert to DUMB
        mMetisPartitioning = DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB;
    }
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::~DistributedTetrahedralMesh()
{
    for (unsigned i=0; i<this->mHaloNodes.size(); i++)
    {
        delete this->mHaloNodes[i];
    }
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SetDistributedVectorFactory(DistributedVectorFactory* pFactory)
{
    AbstractMesh<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>::SetDistributedVectorFactory(pFactory);
    mMetisPartitioning = DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ComputeMeshPartitioning(
    AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader,
    std::set<unsigned>& rNodesOwned,
    std::set<unsigned>& rHaloNodesOwned,
    std::set<unsigned>& rElementsOwned,
    std::vector<unsigned>& rProcessorsOffset)
{

    if (mMetisPartitioning==DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::PARMETIS_LIBRARY && PetscTools::IsParallel())
    {
        /*
         *  With ParMetisLibraryNodePartitioning we compute the element partition first
         *  and then we work out the node ownership.
         */
        ParMetisLibraryNodePartitioning(rMeshReader, rElementsOwned, rNodesOwned, rHaloNodesOwned, rProcessorsOffset);
    }
    else
    {
        /*
         *  Otherwise we compute the node partition and then we workout element distribution
         */
        if (mMetisPartitioning==DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::METIS_LIBRARY && PetscTools::IsParallel())
        {
            MetisLibraryNodePartitioning(rMeshReader, rNodesOwned, rProcessorsOffset);
        }
        else if (mMetisPartitioning==DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::PETSC_MAT_PARTITION && PetscTools::IsParallel())
        {
            PetscMatrixPartitioning(rMeshReader, rNodesOwned, rProcessorsOffset);
        }
        else
        {
            DumbNodePartitioning(rMeshReader, rNodesOwned);
        }

        if ( rMeshReader.HasNclFile() )
        {
            // Form a set of all the element indices we are going to own
            // (union of the sets from the lines in the NCL file)
            for ( std::set<unsigned>::iterator iter=rNodesOwned.begin();
                  iter!=rNodesOwned.end();
                  ++iter )
            {
                std::vector<unsigned> containing_elements = rMeshReader.GetContainingElementIndices( *iter );
                rElementsOwned.insert( containing_elements.begin(), containing_elements.end() );
            }

            // Iterate through that set rather than mTotalNumElements (knowing that we own a least one node in each line)
            // Then read all the data into a node_index set
            std::set<unsigned> node_index_set;

            for ( std::set<unsigned>::iterator iter=rElementsOwned.begin();
                  iter!=rElementsOwned.end();
                  ++iter )
            {
                ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetElementData( *iter );
                node_index_set.insert( element_data.NodeIndices.begin(), element_data.NodeIndices.end() );
            }

            // Subtract off the rNodesOwned set to produce rHaloNodesOwned.
            // Note that rNodesOwned is a subset of node_index_set.
            // std::set_difference can't be used to fill a set...
            std::set<unsigned>::iterator iter_all = node_index_set.begin();
            std::set<unsigned>::iterator iter_owned = rNodesOwned.begin();
            while (iter_all != node_index_set.end() && iter_owned != rNodesOwned.end())
            {
                if (*iter_all < *iter_owned) // Elements in sets are ordered
                {
                    rHaloNodesOwned.insert(*iter_all++); // This node doesn't appear in rNodesOwned
                }
                else
                {
                    iter_all++;
                    iter_owned++;
                }
            }
            rHaloNodesOwned.insert(iter_all, node_index_set.end()); // Anything left over is halo
        }
        else
        {
            for (unsigned element_number = 0; element_number < mTotalNumElements; element_number++)
            {
                ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();

                bool element_owned = false;
                std::set<unsigned> temp_halo_nodes;

                for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
                {
                    if (rNodesOwned.find(element_data.NodeIndices[i]) != rNodesOwned.end())
                    {
                        element_owned = true;
                        rElementsOwned.insert(element_number);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        temp_halo_nodes.insert(element_data.NodeIndices[i]);
                    }
                }

                if (element_owned)
                {
                    rHaloNodesOwned.insert(temp_halo_nodes.begin(), temp_halo_nodes.end());
                }
            }
        }

        if (mMetisPartitioning==DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::PETSC_MAT_PARTITION && PetscTools::IsParallel())
        {
            PetscTools::Barrier();
            if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
            {
                Timer::PrintAndReset("Element and halo node assignation");
            }
        }
    }
    rMeshReader.Reset();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ConstructFromMeshReader(
    AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader)
{
    std::set<unsigned> nodes_owned;
    std::set<unsigned> halo_nodes_owned;
    std::set<unsigned> elements_owned;
    std::vector<unsigned> proc_offsets;//(PetscTools::GetNumProcs());

    this->mMeshFileBaseName = rMeshReader.GetMeshFileBaseName();
    mTotalNumElements = rMeshReader.GetNumElements();
    mTotalNumBoundaryElements = rMeshReader.GetNumFaces();
    mTotalNumNodes = rMeshReader.GetNumNodes();


    PetscTools::Barrier();
    Timer::Reset();
    ComputeMeshPartitioning(rMeshReader, nodes_owned, halo_nodes_owned, elements_owned, proc_offsets);
    PetscTools::Barrier();
    //Timer::Print("partitioning");

    // Reserve memory
    this->mElements.reserve(elements_owned.size());
    this->mNodes.reserve(nodes_owned.size());

    if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
    {
        std::vector<double> coords;
        // Binary : load only the nodes which are needed
        for (std::set<unsigned>::const_iterator it=nodes_owned.begin(); it!=nodes_owned.end(); it++)
        {
            //Loop over wholly-owned nodes
            unsigned global_node_index = *it;
            coords = rMeshReader.GetNode(global_node_index);
            RegisterNode(global_node_index);
            Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_node = new Node<SPACE_DIM>(global_node_index, coords, false);

//Node attributes in binary format are not yet supported, see #1730
//            for (unsigned i = 0; i < rMeshReader.GetNodeAttributes().size(); i++)
//            {
//                double attribute = rMeshReader.GetNodeAttributes()[i];
//                p_node->AddNodeAttribute(attribute);
//            }

            this->mNodes.push_back(p_node);
        }
        for (std::set<unsigned>::const_iterator it=halo_nodes_owned.begin(); it!=halo_nodes_owned.end(); it++)
        {
            //Loop over halo-owned nodes
            unsigned global_node_index=*it;
            coords = rMeshReader.GetNode(global_node_index);
            RegisterHaloNode(global_node_index);
            mHaloNodes.push_back(new Node<SPACE_DIM>(global_node_index, coords, false));
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // Ascii : Sequentially load all the nodes and store those owned (or halo-owned) by the process
        for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index < mTotalNumNodes; node_index++)
        {
            std::vector<double> coords;
            coords = rMeshReader.GetNextNode();

            // The node is owned by the processor
            if (nodes_owned.find(node_index) != nodes_owned.end())
            {
                RegisterNode(node_index);
                Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_node =  new Node<SPACE_DIM>(node_index, coords, false);

                for (unsigned i = 0; i < rMeshReader.GetNodeAttributes().size(); i++)
                {
                    double attribute = rMeshReader.GetNodeAttributes()[i];
                    p_node->AddNodeAttribute(attribute);
                }

                this->mNodes.push_back(p_node);
            }

            // The node is a halo node in this processor
            if (halo_nodes_owned.find(node_index) != halo_nodes_owned.end())
            {
                RegisterHaloNode(node_index);
                mHaloNodes.push_back(new Node<SPACE_DIM>(node_index, coords, false));
            }
        }
    }

    if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
    {
        // Binary format, we loop only over the elements we have been assigned
        for (std::set<unsigned>::const_iterator elem_it=elements_owned.begin(); elem_it!=elements_owned.end(); elem_it++)
        {
            unsigned global_element_index=*elem_it;
            ElementData element_data;
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetElementData(global_element_index);

            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
            for (unsigned j=0; j<ELEMENT_DIM+1; j++)
            {
                //because we have populated mNodes and mHaloNodes above, we can now use this method, which should never throw
                nodes.push_back(this->GetNodeOrHaloNode(element_data.NodeIndices[j]));
            }

            RegisterElement(global_element_index);
            Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>* p_element = new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(global_element_index, nodes);
            this->mElements.push_back(p_element);

            if (rMeshReader.GetNumElementAttributes() > 0)
            {
                assert(rMeshReader.GetNumElementAttributes() == 1);
                unsigned attribute_value = element_data.AttributeValue;
                p_element->SetRegion(attribute_value);
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // Load the elements owned by the processor
        for (unsigned element_index=0; element_index < mTotalNumElements; element_index++)
        {
            ElementData element_data;

            element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();

            // The element is owned by the processor
            if (elements_owned.find(element_index) != elements_owned.end())
            {
                std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
                for (unsigned j=0; j<ELEMENT_DIM+1; j++)
                {
                    //because we have populated mNodes and mHaloNodes above, we can now use this method, which should never throw
                    nodes.push_back(this->GetNodeOrHaloNode(element_data.NodeIndices[j]));
                }

                RegisterElement(element_index);

                Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>* p_element = new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(element_index, nodes);
                this->mElements.push_back(p_element);

                if (rMeshReader.GetNumElementAttributes() > 0)
                {
                    assert(rMeshReader.GetNumElementAttributes() == 1);
                    unsigned attribute_value = element_data.AttributeValue;
                    p_element->SetRegion(attribute_value);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Boundary nodes and elements
    try
    {
        for (unsigned face_index=0; face_index<mTotalNumBoundaryElements; face_index++)
        {
            ElementData face_data = rMeshReader.GetNextFaceData();
            std::vector<unsigned> node_indices = face_data.NodeIndices;

            bool own = false;

            for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<node_indices.size(); node_index++)
            {
                // if I own this node
                if (mNodesMapping.find(node_indices[node_index]) != mNodesMapping.end())
                {
                    own = true;
                    break;
                }
            }

            if (!own)
            {
                continue;
            }

            // Determine if this is a boundary face
            std::set<unsigned> containing_element_indices; // Elements that contain this face
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;

            for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<node_indices.size(); node_index++)
            {
                //because we have populated mNodes and mHaloNodes above, we can now use this method,
                //which SHOULD never throw (but it does).
                try
                {
                    nodes.push_back(this->GetNodeOrHaloNode(node_indices[node_index]));
                }
                catch (Exception &e)
                {
                    EXCEPTION("Face does not appear in element file (Face " << face_index << " in "<<this->mMeshFileBaseName<< ")");
                }
            }

            // This is a boundary face
            // Ensure all its nodes are marked as boundary nodes
            for (unsigned j=0; j<nodes.size(); j++)
            {
                if (!nodes[j]->IsBoundaryNode())
                {
                    nodes[j]->SetAsBoundaryNode();
                    this->mBoundaryNodes.push_back(nodes[j]);
                }
                // Register the index that this bounday element will have with the node
                nodes[j]->AddBoundaryElement(face_index);
            }

            RegisterBoundaryElement(face_index);
            BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>* p_boundary_element = new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(face_index, nodes);
            this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(p_boundary_element);

            if (rMeshReader.GetNumFaceAttributes() > 0)
            {
                assert(rMeshReader.GetNumFaceAttributes() == 1);
                unsigned attribute_value = face_data.AttributeValue;
                p_boundary_element->SetRegion(attribute_value);
            }
        }
    }
    catch (Exception &e)
    {
        PetscTools::ReplicateException(true); //Bad face exception
        throw e;
    }
    PetscTools::ReplicateException(false);

    if (mMetisPartitioning != DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB && PetscTools::IsParallel())
    {
        assert(this->mNodesPermutation.size() != 0);
        // We reorder so that each process owns a contiguous set of the indices and we can then build a distributed vector factory.
        ReorderNodes();

        unsigned num_owned;
        unsigned rank = PetscTools::GetMyRank();
        if ( !PetscTools::AmTopMost() )
        {
            num_owned =  proc_offsets[rank+1]-proc_offsets[rank];
        }
        else
        {
            num_owned = mTotalNumNodes - proc_offsets[rank];
        }

        assert(!this->mpDistributedVectorFactory);
        this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = new DistributedVectorFactory(this->GetNumNodes(), num_owned);
    }
    else
    {
        // Dumb or sequential partition
        assert(this->mpDistributedVectorFactory);
    }
    rMeshReader.Reset();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumLocalNodes() const
{
    return this->mNodes.size();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumHaloNodes() const
{
    return this->mHaloNodes.size();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumLocalElements() const
{
    return this->mElements.size();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumLocalBoundaryElements() const
{
    return this->mBoundaryElements.size();
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumNodes() const
{
    return mTotalNumNodes;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumAllNodes() const
{
    return mTotalNumNodes;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumElements() const
{
    return mTotalNumElements;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::type DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetPartitionType() const
{
    return mMetisPartitioning;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNumBoundaryElements() const
{
    return mTotalNumBoundaryElements;
}

template<unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetHaloNodeIndices(std::vector<unsigned>& rHaloIndices) const
{
    //Make sure the output vector is empty
    rHaloIndices.clear();
    for (unsigned i=0; i<mHaloNodes.size(); i++)
    {
        rHaloIndices.push_back(mHaloNodes[i]->GetIndex());
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SetElementOwnerships()
{
    // All the local elements are owned by the processor (obviously...)
    //Does nothing - unlike the non-distributed version
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
bool DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateDesignatedOwnershipOfElement( unsigned elementIndex )
{
    try
    {
        return(AbstractTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateDesignatedOwnershipOfElement(elementIndex));
    }
    catch(Exception& e)      // we don't own the element
    {
        return false;
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
bool DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateDesignatedOwnershipOfBoundaryElement( unsigned faceIndex )
{
    try
    {
        return(AbstractTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateDesignatedOwnershipOfBoundaryElement(faceIndex));
    }
    catch(Exception& e)      //  we don't own the face
    {
        return false;
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::RegisterNode(unsigned index)
{
    mNodesMapping[index] = this->mNodes.size();
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::RegisterHaloNode(unsigned index)
{
    mHaloNodesMapping[index] = mHaloNodes.size();
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::RegisterElement(unsigned index)
{
    mElementsMapping[index] = this->mElements.size();
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::RegisterBoundaryElement(unsigned index)
{
    mBoundaryElementsMapping[index] = this->mBoundaryElements.size();
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SolveNodeMapping(unsigned index) const
{
    std::map<unsigned, unsigned>::const_iterator node_position = mNodesMapping.find(index);

    if (node_position == mNodesMapping.end())
    {
        EXCEPTION("Requested node " << index << " does not belong to processor " << PetscTools::GetMyRank());
    }
    return node_position->second;
}

//template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
//unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SolveHaloNodeMapping(unsigned index)
//{
//    assert(mHaloNodesMapping.find(index) != mHaloNodesMapping.end());
//    return mHaloNodesMapping[index];
//}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SolveElementMapping(unsigned index) const
{
    std::map<unsigned, unsigned>::const_iterator element_position = mElementsMapping.find(index);

    if (element_position == mElementsMapping.end())
    {
        EXCEPTION("Requested element " << index << " does not belong to processor " << PetscTools::GetMyRank());
    }

    return element_position->second;
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
unsigned DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::SolveBoundaryElementMapping(unsigned index) const
{
    std::map<unsigned, unsigned>::const_iterator boundary_element_position = mBoundaryElementsMapping.find(index);

    if (boundary_element_position == mBoundaryElementsMapping.end())
    {
        EXCEPTION("Requested boundary element " << index << " does not belong to processor " << PetscTools::GetMyRank());
    }

    return boundary_element_position->second;
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
Node<SPACE_DIM> * DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetNodeOrHaloNode(unsigned index) const
{
    std::map<unsigned, unsigned>::const_iterator node_position;
    //First search the halo
    if ((node_position=mHaloNodesMapping.find(index)) != mHaloNodesMapping.end())
    {
        return mHaloNodes[node_position->second];
    }
    //First search the owned node
    if ((node_position=mNodesMapping.find(index)) != mNodesMapping.end())
    {
        //Found an owned node
        return this->mNodes[node_position->second];
    }
    //Not here
    EXCEPTION("Requested node/halo " << index << " does not belong to processor " << PetscTools::GetMyRank());
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::DumbNodePartitioning(AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader,
                                                                              std::set<unsigned>& rNodesOwned)
{
    if (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory)
    {
        // A distribution is given by the factory
        if (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetProblemSize() != mTotalNumNodes)
        {
            // Reset stuff
            this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = NULL;
            this->mTotalNumNodes = 0u;
            this->mTotalNumElements = 0u;
            this->mTotalNumBoundaryElements = 0u;
            EXCEPTION("The distributed vector factory size in the mesh doesn't match the total number of nodes.");
        }
    }
    else
    {
        this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = new DistributedVectorFactory(mTotalNumNodes);
    }
    for (unsigned node_index = this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLow();
         node_index < this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh();
         node_index++)
    {
         rNodesOwned.insert(node_index);
    }
}


template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::PetscMatrixPartitioning(AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader,
                                                                                 std::set<unsigned>& rNodesOwned,
                                                                                 std::vector<unsigned>& rProcessorsOffset)
{
    assert(PetscTools::IsParallel());
    assert(ELEMENT_DIM==2 || ELEMENT_DIM==3); // Metis works with triangles and tetras

    unsigned num_nodes = rMeshReader.GetNumNodes();
    PetscInt num_procs = PetscTools::GetNumProcs();
    unsigned local_proc_index = PetscTools::GetMyRank();

    unsigned num_elements = rMeshReader.GetNumElements();
    unsigned num_local_elements = num_elements / num_procs;
    unsigned first_local_element = num_local_elements * local_proc_index;
    if (PetscTools::AmTopMost())
    {
        // Take the excess elements
        num_local_elements += num_elements - (num_local_elements * num_procs);
    }

    PetscTools::Barrier();
    Timer::Reset();

    /*
     * Create PETSc matrix which will have 1 for adjacent nodes.
     */
    Mat connectivity_matrix;
    PetscTools::SetupMat(connectivity_matrix, num_nodes, num_nodes, 54, PETSC_DECIDE, PETSC_DECIDE, false);

    if ( ! rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
    {
        // Advance the file pointer to the first element I own
        for (unsigned element_index = 0; element_index < first_local_element; element_index++)
        {
            ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();
        }
    }

    // In the loop below we assume that there exist edges between any pair of nodes in an element. This is
    // a reasonable assumption for triangles and tetrahedra. This won't be the case for squares or hexahedra
    // (or higher order elements). We allow ELEMENT_DIM smaller than SPACE_DIM in case this is a 2D mesh in
    // a 3D space.
    assert(SPACE_DIM >= ELEMENT_DIM);

    for (unsigned element_index = 0; element_index < num_local_elements; element_index++)
    {
        ElementData element_data;

        if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetElementData(first_local_element + element_index);
        }
        else
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();
        }

        for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
        {
            for (unsigned j=0; j<i; j++)
            {
                unsigned row = element_data.NodeIndices[i];
                unsigned col = element_data.NodeIndices[j];
                MatSetValue(connectivity_matrix, row, col, 1.0, INSERT_VALUES);
                MatSetValue(connectivity_matrix, col, row, 1.0, INSERT_VALUES);
            }
        }
    }
    MatAssemblyBegin(connectivity_matrix, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);
    MatAssemblyEnd(connectivity_matrix, MAT_FINAL_ASSEMBLY);

    PetscTools::Barrier();
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        Timer::PrintAndReset("Connectivity matrix assembly");
    }

    rMeshReader.Reset();

    PetscInt connectivity_matrix_lo;
    PetscInt connectivity_matrix_hi;
    MatGetOwnershipRange(connectivity_matrix, &connectivity_matrix_lo, &connectivity_matrix_hi);

    unsigned num_local_nodes = connectivity_matrix_hi - connectivity_matrix_lo;

    MatInfo matrix_info;
    MatGetInfo(connectivity_matrix, MAT_LOCAL, &matrix_info);
    unsigned local_num_nz = (unsigned) matrix_info.nz_used;

    size_t size = (num_local_nodes+1)*sizeof(PetscInt);
    void* ptr;
    PetscMalloc(size, &ptr);
    PetscInt* local_ia = (PetscInt*) ptr;
    size = local_num_nz*sizeof(PetscInt);
    PetscMalloc(size, &ptr);
    PetscInt* local_ja = (PetscInt*) ptr;

    PetscInt row_num_nz;
    const PetscInt* column_indices;

    local_ia[0]=0;
    for (PetscInt row_global_index=connectivity_matrix_lo; row_global_index<connectivity_matrix_hi; row_global_index++)
    {
        MatGetRow(connectivity_matrix, row_global_index, &row_num_nz, &column_indices, PETSC_NULL);

        unsigned row_local_index = row_global_index - connectivity_matrix_lo;
        local_ia[row_local_index+1] = local_ia[row_local_index] + row_num_nz;
        for (PetscInt col_index=0; col_index<row_num_nz; col_index++)
        {
           local_ja[local_ia[row_local_index] + col_index] =  column_indices[col_index];
        }

        MatRestoreRow(connectivity_matrix, row_global_index, &row_num_nz,&column_indices, PETSC_NULL);
    }

    MatDestroy(connectivity_matrix);

    // Convert to an adjacency matrix
    Mat adj_matrix;
    MatCreateMPIAdj(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, num_local_nodes, num_nodes, local_ia, local_ja, PETSC_NULL, &adj_matrix);

    PetscTools::Barrier();
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        Timer::PrintAndReset("Adjacency matrix creation");
    }

    // Get PETSc to call ParMETIS
    MatPartitioning part;
    MatPartitioningCreate(PETSC_COMM_WORLD, &part);
    MatPartitioningSetAdjacency(part, adj_matrix);
    MatPartitioningSetFromOptions(part);
    IS new_process_numbers;
    MatPartitioningApply(part, &new_process_numbers);
    MatPartitioningDestroy(part);

    MatDestroy(adj_matrix);

    PetscTools::Barrier();
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        Timer::PrintAndReset("PETSc-ParMETIS call");
    }

    // Figure out who owns what - processor offsets
    PetscInt* num_nodes_per_process = new PetscInt[num_procs];
#if (PETSC_VERSION_MAJOR == 3) //PETSc 3.x.x
    ISPartitioningCount(new_process_numbers, num_procs, num_nodes_per_process);
#else
    ISPartitioningCount(new_process_numbers, num_nodes_per_process);
#endif

    rProcessorsOffset.resize(num_procs);
    rProcessorsOffset[0] = 0;
    for (PetscInt i=1; i<num_procs; i++)
    {
        rProcessorsOffset[i] = rProcessorsOffset[i-1] + num_nodes_per_process[i-1];
    }
    unsigned my_num_nodes = num_nodes_per_process[local_proc_index];
    delete[] num_nodes_per_process;

    // Figure out who owns what - new node numbering
    IS new_global_node_indices;
    ISPartitioningToNumbering(new_process_numbers, &new_global_node_indices);

    // Index sets only give local information, we want global
    AO ordering;
    AOCreateBasicIS(new_global_node_indices, PETSC_NULL /* natural ordering */, &ordering);

    // The locally owned range under the new numbering
    PetscInt* local_range = new PetscInt[my_num_nodes];
    for (unsigned i=0; i<my_num_nodes; i++)
    {
        local_range[i] = rProcessorsOffset[local_proc_index] + i;
    }
    AOApplicationToPetsc(ordering, my_num_nodes, local_range);
    //AOView(ordering, PETSC_VIEWER_STDOUT_WORLD);

    // Fill in rNodesOwned
    for (unsigned i=0; i<my_num_nodes; i++)
    {
        rNodesOwned.insert(local_range[i]);
    }
    delete[] local_range;

    // Once we know the offsets we can compute the permutation vector
    PetscInt* global_range = new PetscInt[num_nodes];
    for (unsigned i=0; i<num_nodes; i++)
    {
        global_range[i] = i;
    }
    AOPetscToApplication(ordering, num_nodes, global_range);

    this->mNodesPermutation.resize(num_nodes);

    for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<num_nodes; node_index++)
    {
        this->mNodesPermutation[node_index] = global_range[node_index];
    }
    delete[] global_range;

    AODestroy(ordering);
    ISDestroy(new_process_numbers);
    ISDestroy(new_global_node_indices);

    PetscTools::Barrier();
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        Timer::PrintAndReset("PETSc-ParMETIS output manipulation");
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::MetisLibraryNodePartitioning(AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader,
                                                                                  std::set<unsigned>& rNodesOwned,
                                                                                  std::vector<unsigned>& rProcessorsOffset)
{
    assert(PetscTools::IsParallel());

    assert(ELEMENT_DIM==2 || ELEMENT_DIM==3); // Metis works with triangles and tetras

    int nn = rMeshReader.GetNumNodes();
    idxtype* npart = new idxtype[nn];
    assert(npart != NULL);

    //Only the master process will access the element data and perform the partitioning
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        int ne = rMeshReader.GetNumElements();
        idxtype* elmnts = new idxtype[ne * (ELEMENT_DIM+1)];
        assert(elmnts != NULL);

        unsigned counter=0;
        for (unsigned element_number = 0; element_number < mTotalNumElements; element_number++)
        {
            ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();

            for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
            {
                elmnts[counter++] = element_data.NodeIndices[i];
            }
        }
        rMeshReader.Reset();

        int etype;

        switch (ELEMENT_DIM)
        {
            case 2:
                etype = 1; //1 is Metis speak for triangles
                break;
            case 3:
                etype = 2; //2 is Metis speak for tetrahedra
                break;
            default:
                NEVER_REACHED;
        }

        int numflag = 0; //0 means C-style numbering is assumed
        int nparts = PetscTools::GetNumProcs();
        int edgecut;
        idxtype* epart = new idxtype[ne];
        assert(epart != NULL);

        Timer::Reset();
        METIS_PartMeshNodal(&ne, &nn, elmnts, &etype, &numflag, &nparts, &edgecut, epart, npart);//, wgetflag, vwgt);
        //Timer::Print("METIS call");

        delete[] elmnts;
        delete[] epart;
    }

    //Here's the new bottle-neck: share all the node ownership data
    //idxtype is normally int (see metis-4.0/Lib/struct.h 17-22)
    assert(sizeof(idxtype) == sizeof(int));
    MPI_Bcast(npart /*data*/, nn /*size*/, MPI_INT, 0 /*From Master*/, PETSC_COMM_WORLD);

    assert(rProcessorsOffset.size() == 0); // Making sure the vector is empty. After calling resize() only newly created memory will be initialised to 0.
    rProcessorsOffset.resize(PetscTools::GetNumProcs(), 0);

    for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<this->GetNumNodes(); node_index++)
    {
        unsigned part_read = npart[node_index];

        // METIS output says I own this node
        if (part_read == PetscTools::GetMyRank())
        {
            rNodesOwned.insert(node_index);
        }

        // Offset is defined as the first node owned by a processor. We compute it incrementally.
        // i.e. if node_index belongs to proc 3 (of 6) we have to shift the processors 4, 5, and 6
        // offset a position.
        for (unsigned proc=part_read+1; proc<PetscTools::GetNumProcs(); proc++)
        {
            rProcessorsOffset[proc]++;
        }
    }

    /*
     *  Once we know the offsets we can compute the permutation vector
     */
    std::vector<unsigned> local_index(PetscTools::GetNumProcs(), 0);

    this->mNodesPermutation.resize(this->GetNumNodes());

    for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<this->GetNumNodes(); node_index++)
    {
        unsigned part_read = npart[node_index];

        this->mNodesPermutation[node_index] = rProcessorsOffset[part_read] + local_index[part_read];

        local_index[part_read]++;
    }

    delete[] npart;
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ReorderNodes()
{
    assert(PetscTools::IsParallel());

    // Need to rebuild global-local maps
    mNodesMapping.clear();
    mHaloNodesMapping.clear();

    // Update indices
    for (unsigned index=0; index<this->mNodes.size(); index++)
    {
        unsigned old_index = this->mNodes[index]->GetIndex();
        unsigned new_index = this->mNodesPermutation[old_index];

        this->mNodes[index]->SetIndex(new_index);
        mNodesMapping[new_index] = index;
    }

    for (unsigned index=0; index<mHaloNodes.size(); index++)
    {
        unsigned old_index = mHaloNodes[index]->GetIndex();
        unsigned new_index = this->mNodesPermutation[old_index];

        mHaloNodes[index]->SetIndex(new_index);
        mHaloNodesMapping[new_index] = index;
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ConstructLinearMesh(unsigned width)
{
    assert(ELEMENT_DIM == 1);

     //Check that there are enough nodes to make the parallelisation worthwhile
    if (width==0)
    {
        EXCEPTION("There aren't enough nodes to make parallelisation worthwhile");
    }
    //Use dumb partition so that archiving doesn't permute anything
    mMetisPartitioning=DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB;
    mTotalNumNodes=width+1;
    mTotalNumBoundaryElements=2u;
    mTotalNumElements=width;

    //Use DistributedVectorFactory to make a dumb partition of the nodes
    assert(!this->mpDistributedVectorFactory);
    this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = new DistributedVectorFactory(mTotalNumNodes);
    if (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLocalOwnership() == 0)
    {
        //It's a short mesh and this process owns no nodes
        return;
    }

    /* am_top_most is like PetscTools::AmTopMost() but accounts for the fact that a
     * higher numbered process may have dropped out of this construction altogether
     * (because is has no local ownership)
     */
    bool am_top_most = (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh() == mTotalNumNodes);

    unsigned lo_node=this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLow();
    unsigned hi_node=this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh();
    if (!PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        lo_node--;
    }
    if (!am_top_most)
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        hi_node++;
    }
    Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_old_node=NULL;
    for (unsigned node_index=lo_node; node_index<hi_node; node_index++)
    {
        // create node or halo-node
        Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_node = new Node<SPACE_DIM>(node_index, node_index==0 || node_index==width, node_index);
        if (node_index<this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLow() ||
            node_index==this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh() )
        {
            //Beyond left or right it's a halo node
            RegisterHaloNode(node_index);
            mHaloNodes.push_back(p_node);
        }
        else
        {
            RegisterNode(node_index);
            this->mNodes.push_back(p_node); // create node

            //A boundary face has to be wholely owned by the process
            //Since, when ELEMENT_DIM>1 we have *at least* boundary node as a non-halo
            if (node_index==0) // create left boundary node and boundary element
            {
                this->mBoundaryNodes.push_back(p_node);
                RegisterBoundaryElement(0);
                this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(0, p_node) );
            }
            if (node_index==width) // create right boundary node and boundary element
            {
                this->mBoundaryNodes.push_back(p_node);
                RegisterBoundaryElement(1);
                this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(1, p_node) );
            }
            }
        if (node_index>lo_node) // create element
        {
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
            nodes.push_back(p_old_node);
            nodes.push_back(p_node);
            RegisterElement(node_index-1);
            this->mElements.push_back(new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(node_index-1, nodes) );
        }
        //Keep track of the node which we've just created
        p_old_node=p_node;
    }
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ConstructRectangularMesh(unsigned width, unsigned height, bool stagger)
{
    assert(SPACE_DIM == 2);
    assert(ELEMENT_DIM == 2);
    //Check that there are enough nodes to make the parallelisation worthwhile
    if (height==0)
    {
        EXCEPTION("There aren't enough nodes to make parallelisation worthwhile");
    }
    //Use dumb partition so that archiving doesn't permute anything
    mMetisPartitioning=DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB;

    mTotalNumNodes=(width+1)*(height+1);
    mTotalNumBoundaryElements=(width+height)*2;
    mTotalNumElements=width*height*2;

    //Use DistributedVectorFactory to make a dumb partition of space
    DistributedVectorFactory y_partition(height+1);
    unsigned lo_y = y_partition.GetLow();
    unsigned hi_y = y_partition.GetHigh();
    //Dumb partition of nodes has to be such that each process gets complete slices
    assert(!this->mpDistributedVectorFactory);
    this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = new DistributedVectorFactory(mTotalNumNodes, (width+1)*y_partition.GetLocalOwnership());
    if (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLocalOwnership() == 0)
    {
        //It's a short mesh and this process owns no nodes
        return;
    }
    /* am_top_most is like PetscTools::AmTopMost() but accounts for the fact that a
     * higher numbered process may have dropped out of this construction altogether
     * (because is has no local ownership)
     */
    bool am_top_most = (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh() == mTotalNumNodes);


    if (!PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        lo_y--;
    }
    if (!am_top_most)
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        hi_y++;
    }

    //Construct the nodes
    for (unsigned j=lo_y; j<hi_y; j++)
    {
        for (unsigned i=0; i<width+1; i++)
        {
            bool is_boundary=false;
            if (i==0 || j==0 || i==width || j==height)
            {
                is_boundary=true;
            }
            unsigned global_node_index=((width+1)*(j) + i); //Verified from sequential
            Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_node = new Node<SPACE_DIM>(global_node_index, is_boundary, i, j);
            if (j<y_partition.GetLow() || j==y_partition.GetHigh() )
            {
                //Beyond left or right it's a halo node
                RegisterHaloNode(global_node_index);
                mHaloNodes.push_back(p_node);
            }
            else
            {
                RegisterNode(global_node_index);
                this->mNodes.push_back(p_node);
            }
            if (is_boundary)
            {
                this->mBoundaryNodes.push_back(p_node);
            }
        }
    }

    //Construct the boundary elements
    unsigned belem_index;
    //Top
    if (am_top_most)
    {
       for (unsigned i=0; i<width; i++)
       {
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
            nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( height*(width+1)+i+1 ));
            nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( height*(width+1)+i ));
            belem_index=i;
            RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
            this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index,nodes));
        }
    }

    //Right
    for (unsigned j=lo_y+1; j<hi_y; j++)
    {
        std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
        nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( (width+1)*j-1 ));
        nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( (width+1)*(j+1)-1 ));
        belem_index=width+j-1;
        RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
        this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index,nodes));
    }

    //Bottom
    if (PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        for (unsigned i=0; i<width; i++)
        {
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
            nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( i ));
            nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( i+1 ));
            belem_index=width+height+i;
            RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
            this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index,nodes));
        }
    }

    //Left
    for (unsigned j=lo_y; j<hi_y-1; j++)
    {
        std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> nodes;
        nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( (width+1)*(j+1) ));
        nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( (width+1)*(j) ));
        belem_index=2*width+height+j;
        RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
        this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index,nodes));
    }


    //Construct the elements
    unsigned elem_index;
    for (unsigned j=lo_y; j<hi_y-1; j++)
    {
        for (unsigned i=0; i<width; i++)
        {
            unsigned parity=(i+(height-j))%2;//Note that parity is measured from the top-left (not bottom left) for historical reasons
            unsigned nw=(j+1)*(width+1)+i; //ne=nw+1
            unsigned sw=(j)*(width+1)+i;   //se=sw+1
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> upper_nodes;
            upper_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( nw ));
            upper_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( nw+1 ));
            if (stagger==false  || parity == 1)
            {
                upper_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( sw+1 ));
            }
            else
            {
                upper_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( sw ));
            }
            elem_index=2*(j*width+i);
            RegisterElement(elem_index);
            this->mElements.push_back(new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(elem_index,upper_nodes));
            std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> lower_nodes;
            lower_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( sw+1 ));
            lower_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( sw ));
            if (stagger==false  ||parity == 1)
            {
                lower_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( nw ));
            }
            else
            {
                lower_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( nw+1 ));
            }
            elem_index++;
            RegisterElement(elem_index);
            this->mElements.push_back(new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(elem_index,lower_nodes));
        }
    }

}


template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ConstructCuboid(unsigned width,
        unsigned height,
        unsigned depth)
{
    assert(SPACE_DIM == 3);
    assert(ELEMENT_DIM == 3);
    //Check that there are enough nodes to make the parallelisation worthwhile
    if (depth==0)
    {
        EXCEPTION("There aren't enough nodes to make parallelisation worthwhile");
    }

    //Use dumb partition so that archiving doesn't permute anything
    mMetisPartitioning=DistributedTetrahedralMeshPartitionType::DUMB;

    mTotalNumNodes=(width+1)*(height+1)*(depth+1);
    mTotalNumBoundaryElements=((width*height)+(width*depth)+(height*depth))*4;//*2 for top-bottom, *2 for tessellating each unit square
    mTotalNumElements=width*height*depth*6;

    //Use DistributedVectorFactory to make a dumb partition of space
    DistributedVectorFactory z_partition(depth+1);
    unsigned lo_z = z_partition.GetLow();
    unsigned hi_z = z_partition.GetHigh();

    //Dumb partition of nodes has to be such that each process gets complete slices
    assert(!this->mpDistributedVectorFactory);
    this->mpDistributedVectorFactory = new DistributedVectorFactory(mTotalNumNodes, (width+1)*(height+1)*z_partition.GetLocalOwnership());
    if (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetLocalOwnership() == 0)
    {
#define COVERAGE_IGNORE
        // It's a short mesh and this process owns no nodes.  This problem can only occur on 4 or more processes,
        // so we can't cover it - coverage only runs with 1 and 2 processes.
        WARNING("No nodes were assigned to processor " << PetscTools::GetMyRank() << " in DistributedTetrahedralMesh::ConstructCuboid()");
        return;
#undef COVERAGE_IGNORE
    }
    /* am_top_most is like PetscTools::AmTopMost() but accounts for the fact that a
     * higher numbered process may have dropped out of this construction altogether
     * (because is has no local ownership)
     */
    bool am_top_most = (this->mpDistributedVectorFactory->GetHigh() == mTotalNumNodes);



    if (!PetscTools::AmMaster())
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        lo_z--;
    }
    if (!am_top_most)
    {
        //Allow for a halo node
        hi_z++;
    }

    //Construct the nodes
    unsigned global_node_index;
    for (unsigned k=lo_z; k<hi_z; k++)
    {
        for (unsigned j=0; j<height+1; j++)
        {
            for (unsigned i=0; i<width+1; i++)
            {
                bool is_boundary = false;
                if (i==0 || j==0 || k==0 || i==width || j==height || k==depth)
                {
                    is_boundary = true;
                }
                global_node_index = (k*(height+1)+j)*(width+1)+i;

                Node<SPACE_DIM>* p_node = new Node<SPACE_DIM>(global_node_index, is_boundary, i, j, k);

                if (k<z_partition.GetLow() || k==z_partition.GetHigh() )
                {
                    //Beyond left or right it's a halo node
                    RegisterHaloNode(global_node_index);
                    mHaloNodes.push_back(p_node);
                }
                else
                {
                    RegisterNode(global_node_index);
                    this->mNodes.push_back(p_node);
                }

                if (is_boundary)
                {
                    this->mBoundaryNodes.push_back(p_node);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Construct the elements

    unsigned element_nodes[6][4] = {{0, 1, 5, 7}, {0, 1, 3, 7},
                                        {0, 2, 3, 7}, {0, 2, 6, 7},
                                        {0, 4, 6, 7}, {0, 4, 5, 7}};
    std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> tetrahedra_nodes;

    for (unsigned k=lo_z; k<hi_z-1; k++)
    {
        unsigned belem_index = 0;
        if (k != 0)
        {
            // height*width squares on upper face, k layers of 2*height+2*width square aroun
            belem_index =   2*(height*width+k*2*(height+width));
        }

        for (unsigned j=0; j<height; j++)
        {
            for (unsigned i=0; i<width; i++)
            {
                // Compute the nodes' index
                unsigned global_node_indices[8];
                unsigned local_node_index = 0;

                for (unsigned z = 0; z < 2; z++)
                {
                    for (unsigned y = 0; y < 2; y++)
                    {
                        for (unsigned x = 0; x < 2; x++)
                        {
                            global_node_indices[local_node_index] = i+x+(width+1)*(j+y+(height+1)*(k+z));

                            local_node_index++;
                        }
                    }
                }

                for (unsigned m = 0; m < 6; m++)
                {
                    // Tetrahedra #m

                    tetrahedra_nodes.clear();

                    for (unsigned n = 0; n < 4; n++)
                    {
                        tetrahedra_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[element_nodes[m][n]] ));
                    }
                    unsigned elem_index = 6 * ((k*height+j)*width+i)+m;
                    RegisterElement(elem_index);
                    this->mElements.push_back(new Element<ELEMENT_DIM,SPACE_DIM>(elem_index, tetrahedra_nodes));
                }

                //Are we at a boundary?
                std::vector<Node<SPACE_DIM>*> triangle_nodes;

                if (i == 0) //low face at x==0
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[2] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[6] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[6] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[4] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
                if (i == width-1) //high face at x=width
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[1] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[5] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[1] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[3] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
                if (j == 0) //low face at y==0
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[5] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[1] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[4] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[5] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
                if (j == height-1) //high face at y=height
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[2] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[3] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[2] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[6] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
                if (k == 0) //low face at z==0
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[3] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[2] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[0] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[1] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[3] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
                if (k == depth-1) //high face at z=depth
                {
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[4] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[5] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                    triangle_nodes.clear();
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[4] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[6] ));
                    triangle_nodes.push_back(GetNodeOrHaloNode( global_node_indices[7] ));
                    RegisterBoundaryElement(belem_index);
                    this->mBoundaryElements.push_back(new BoundaryElement<ELEMENT_DIM-1,SPACE_DIM>(belem_index++,triangle_nodes));
                }
            }//i
        }//j
    }//k
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::Scale(const double xFactor, const double yFactor, const double zFactor)
{
    //Base class scale (scales node positions)
    AbstractTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::Scale(xFactor, yFactor, zFactor);
    //Scales halos
    for (unsigned i=0; i<mHaloNodes.size(); i++)
    {
        c_vector<double, SPACE_DIM>& r_location = mHaloNodes[i]->rGetModifiableLocation();
        if (SPACE_DIM>=3)
        {
            r_location[2] *= zFactor;
        }
        if (SPACE_DIM>=2)
        {
            r_location[1] *= yFactor;
        }
        r_location[0] *= xFactor;
    }

}


template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
void DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::ParMetisLibraryNodePartitioning(AbstractMeshReader<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>& rMeshReader,
                                                                                       std::set<unsigned>& rElementsOwned,
                                                                                       std::set<unsigned>& rNodesOwned,
                                                                                       std::set<unsigned>& rHaloNodesOwned,
                                                                                       std::vector<unsigned>& rProcessorsOffset)
{
    assert(PetscTools::IsParallel());
    assert(ELEMENT_DIM==2 || ELEMENT_DIM==3); // Metis works with triangles and tetras

    const unsigned num_elements = rMeshReader.GetNumElements();
    const unsigned num_procs = PetscTools::GetNumProcs();
    const unsigned local_proc_index = PetscTools::GetMyRank();

    /*
     *  Work out initial element distribution
     */
    idxtype element_distribution[num_procs+1];
    idxtype element_count[num_procs];

    element_distribution[0]=0;

    for (unsigned proc_index=1; proc_index<num_procs; proc_index++)
    {
        element_distribution[proc_index] = element_distribution[proc_index-1] + num_elements/num_procs;
        element_count[proc_index-1] = element_distribution[proc_index] - element_distribution[proc_index-1];
    }

    element_distribution[num_procs] = num_elements;
    element_count[num_procs-1] = element_distribution[num_procs] - element_distribution[num_procs-1];

    /*
     *  Create distributed mesh data structure
     */
    unsigned first_local_element = element_distribution[local_proc_index];
    unsigned last_plus_one_element = element_distribution[local_proc_index+1];
    unsigned num_local_elements = last_plus_one_element - first_local_element;

    idxtype* eind = new idxtype[num_local_elements*(ELEMENT_DIM+1)];
    idxtype* eptr = new idxtype[num_local_elements+1];

    if ( ! rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
    {
        // Advance the file pointer to the first element I own.
        for (unsigned element_index = 0; element_index < first_local_element; element_index++)
        {
            ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();
        }
    }

    unsigned counter=0;
    for (unsigned element_index = 0; element_index < num_local_elements; element_index++)
    {
        ElementData element_data;

        if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetElementData(first_local_element + element_index);
        }
        else
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();
        }

        eptr[element_index] = counter;
        for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
        {
            eind[counter++] = element_data.NodeIndices[i];
        }
    }
    eptr[num_local_elements] = counter;

    rMeshReader.Reset();

    int numflag = 0; // METIS speak for C-style numbering
    int ncommonnodes = 3; // Connectivity degree. Manual recommends 3 for meshes made exclusively of tetrahedra.
    MPI_Comm communicator = PETSC_COMM_WORLD;

    idxtype* xadj;
    idxtype* adjncy;

    Timer::Reset();
    ParMETIS_V3_Mesh2Dual(element_distribution, eptr, eind,
                          &numflag, &ncommonnodes, &xadj, &adjncy, &communicator);
    //Timer::Print("ParMETIS Mesh2Dual");

    delete[] eind;
    delete[] eptr;

    int weight_flag = 0; // unweighted graph
    int n_constrains = 0; // number of weights that each vertex has (number of balance constrains)
    int n_subdomains = PetscTools::GetNumProcs();
    int options[3]; // extra options
    options[0] = 0; // ignore extra options
    int edgecut;

    idxtype* local_partition = new idxtype[num_local_elements];

/*
 *  In order to use ParMETIS_V3_PartGeomKway, we need to sort out how to compute the coordinates of the
 *  centers of each element efficiently.
 *
 *  In the meantime use ParMETIS_V3_PartKway.
 */
//    int n_dimensions = ELEMENT_DIM;
//    float node_coordinates[num_local_elements*SPACE_DIM];
//
//    ParMETIS_V3_PartGeomKway(element_distribution, xadj, adjncy, NULL, NULL, &weight_flag, &numflag,
//                             &n_dimensions, node_coordinates, &n_constrains, &n_subdomains, NULL, NULL,
//                             options, &edgecut, local_partition, &communicator);

    Timer::Reset();
    ParMETIS_V3_PartKway(element_distribution, xadj, adjncy, NULL, NULL, &weight_flag, &numflag,
                         &n_constrains, &n_subdomains, NULL, NULL,
                         options, &edgecut, local_partition, &communicator);
    //Timer::Print("ParMETIS PartKway");


    idxtype* global_element_partition = new idxtype[num_elements];

    MPI_Allgatherv(local_partition, num_local_elements, MPI_INT,
                   global_element_partition, element_count, element_distribution, MPI_INT, PETSC_COMM_WORLD);

    delete[] local_partition;

    for (unsigned elem_index=0; elem_index<num_elements; elem_index++)
    {
        if ((unsigned) global_element_partition[elem_index] == local_proc_index)
        {
            rElementsOwned.insert(elem_index);
        }
    }

    rMeshReader.Reset();
    free(xadj);
    free(adjncy);

    unsigned num_nodes = rMeshReader.GetNumNodes();

    //unsigned global_node_partition[num_nodes]; // initialised to UNASSIGNED (do #define UNASSIGNED -1
    std::vector<unsigned> global_node_partition;
    global_node_partition.resize(num_nodes, UNASSIGNED_NODE);

    assert(rProcessorsOffset.size() == 0); // Making sure the vector is empty. After calling resize() only newly created memory will be initialised to 0.
    rProcessorsOffset.resize(PetscTools::GetNumProcs(), 0);


    /*
     *  Work out node distribution based on initial element distribution returned by ParMETIS
     *
     *  In this loop we handle 4 different data structures:
     *      global_node_partition and rProcessorsOffset are global,
     *      rNodesOwned and rHaloNodesOwned are local.
     */

    std::vector<unsigned> element_access_order;

    if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
    {
        RandomNumberGenerator* p_gen = RandomNumberGenerator::Instance();
        p_gen->Reseed(0);
        p_gen->Shuffle(mTotalNumElements,element_access_order);
    }
    else
    {
        for (unsigned element_number = 0; element_number < mTotalNumElements; element_number++)
        {
            element_access_order.push_back(element_number);
        }
    }


    for (unsigned element_count = 0; element_count < mTotalNumElements; element_count++)
    {
        unsigned element_number = element_access_order[element_count];
        unsigned element_owner = global_element_partition[element_number];

        ElementData element_data;

        if ( rMeshReader.IsFileFormatBinary() )
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetElementData(element_number);
        }
        else
        {
            element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();
        }

        for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
        {
            /*
             * For each node in this element, check whether it hasn't been assigned to another processor yet.
             * If so, assign it to the owner the element. Otherwise, consider it halo.
             */
            if ( global_node_partition[element_data.NodeIndices[i]] == UNASSIGNED_NODE )
            {
                if (element_owner == local_proc_index)
                {
                    rNodesOwned.insert(element_data.NodeIndices[i]);
                }

                global_node_partition[element_data.NodeIndices[i]] = element_owner;

                // Offset is defined as the first node owned by a processor. We compute it incrementally.
                // i.e. if node_index belongs to proc 3 (of 6) we have to shift the processors 4, 5, and 6
                // offset a position.
                for (unsigned proc=element_owner+1; proc<PetscTools::GetNumProcs(); proc++)
                {
                    rProcessorsOffset[proc]++;
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if (element_owner == local_proc_index)
                {
                    //if (rNodesOwned.find(element_data.NodeIndices[i]) == rNodesOwned.end())
                    if (global_node_partition[element_data.NodeIndices[i]] != local_proc_index)
                    {
                        rHaloNodesOwned.insert(element_data.NodeIndices[i]);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    delete[] global_element_partition;

    /*
     * Refine element distribution. Add extra elements that parMETIS didn't consider initially but
     * include any node owned by the processor. This ensures that all the system matrix rows are
     * assembled locally.
     */
    rMeshReader.Reset();

    for (unsigned element_number = 0; element_number < mTotalNumElements; element_number++)
    {
        ElementData element_data = rMeshReader.GetNextElementData();

        bool element_owned = false;
        std::set<unsigned> temp_halo_nodes;

        for (unsigned i=0; i<ELEMENT_DIM+1; i++)
        {
            if (rNodesOwned.find(element_data.NodeIndices[i]) != rNodesOwned.end())
            {
                element_owned = true;
                rElementsOwned.insert(element_number);
            }
            else
            {
                temp_halo_nodes.insert(element_data.NodeIndices[i]);
            }
        }

        if (element_owned)
        {
            rHaloNodesOwned.insert(temp_halo_nodes.begin(), temp_halo_nodes.end());
        }
    }

    rMeshReader.Reset();

    /*
     *  Once we know the offsets we can compute the permutation vector
     */
    std::vector<unsigned> local_index(PetscTools::GetNumProcs(), 0);

    this->mNodesPermutation.resize(this->GetNumNodes());

    for (unsigned node_index=0; node_index<this->GetNumNodes(); node_index++)
    {
        unsigned partition = global_node_partition[node_index];
        assert(partition!=UNASSIGNED_NODE);

        this->mNodesPermutation[node_index] = rProcessorsOffset[partition] + local_index[partition];

        local_index[partition]++;
    }

}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
ChasteCuboid<SPACE_DIM> DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateBoundingBox() const
{
    ChastePoint<SPACE_DIM> my_minimum_point;
    ChastePoint<SPACE_DIM> my_maximum_point;

    try
    {
        ChasteCuboid<SPACE_DIM> my_box=AbstractMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::CalculateBoundingBox();
        my_minimum_point=my_box.rGetLowerCorner();
        my_maximum_point=my_box.rGetUpperCorner();
    }
    catch (Exception& e)
    {
#define COVERAGE_IGNORE
        PetscTools::ReplicateException(true);
        throw e;
#undef COVERAGE_IGNORE
    }

    PetscTools::ReplicateException(false);

    c_vector<double, SPACE_DIM> global_minimum_point;
    c_vector<double, SPACE_DIM> global_maximum_point;
    MPI_Allreduce(&my_minimum_point.rGetLocation()[0], &global_minimum_point[0], SPACE_DIM, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MIN, PETSC_COMM_WORLD);
    MPI_Allreduce(&my_maximum_point.rGetLocation()[0], &global_maximum_point[0], SPACE_DIM, MPI_DOUBLE, MPI_MAX, PETSC_COMM_WORLD);

    ChastePoint<SPACE_DIM> min(global_minimum_point);
    ChastePoint<SPACE_DIM> max(global_maximum_point);

    return ChasteCuboid<SPACE_DIM>(min, max);
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
typename DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::HaloNodeIterator DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetHaloNodeIteratorBegin() const
{
    return mHaloNodes.begin();
}

template <unsigned ELEMENT_DIM, unsigned SPACE_DIM>
typename DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::HaloNodeIterator DistributedTetrahedralMesh<ELEMENT_DIM, SPACE_DIM>::GetHaloNodeIteratorEnd() const
{
    return mHaloNodes.end();
}

// Explicit instantiation

template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<1,1>;
template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<1,2>;
template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<1,3>;
template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<2,2>;
template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<2,3>;
template class DistributedTetrahedralMesh<3,3>;


// Serialization for Boost >= 1.36
#include "SerializationExportWrapperForCpp.hpp"
EXPORT_TEMPLATE_CLASS_ALL_DIMS(DistributedTetrahedralMesh)